Rheged, "royaume" brittonique.

[Marc'heg an Avel]

Salut,

Je suis en train de grouper des éléments pour élaborer une page sur le Rhéged, Urien, Taliesin, et Cie.

page en cours de publication.

http://marikavel.org/arthur/rheged/rheged-accueil.htm

Les limites de ce "royaumes" varient selon les auteurs. Toute observation sera la bienvenue.

Une traduction française des textes de Taliesin serait la bienvenue. J'en citerai la provenance et/ou l'auteur.

JCE

[Taliesin]

Hein, pardon ? J'écris pas en français ????

Bon, soyons sérieux : Taliesin est un barde originaire du Powys. Mais il fut effectivement le barde attitré d'Urien.

On trouve d'autres poèmes sur Urien dans le Canu Llywarch Hen qui a été traduit en breton par Klerg.

Il y a aussi des traductions françaises (pas toutes) dans Récits et poèmes celtiques de Fleuriot.

Sinon, il me semble que Fergus a donné un lien sur la traduction anglaise des poèmes de Taliesin.

Ah, il faudrait aussi faire le tri entre les poèmes attribués à Taliesin et ceux qu'il aurait effectivement écrit :

"Parmi les compositions attribuées à Taliesin, il y a un petit noyau de douze qui portent le signe de l’authenticité. Ce sont d’assez brefs panégyriques et des poèmes élégiaques addressés à des figures historiques contemporaines de Taliesin : Urien de Rheged, son fils Owain, Gwallawg ap Lleennawg, et Cynan ap Brochfael, qui régnait sur le royaume du Powys, au nord-est du pays de Galles."
(Ceri W. Lewis "The historical background of early welsh verse", A Guide to Welsh Literature)

[Marc'heg an Avel]

Salut,

Si tu ne l'as pas, je te conseille l'ouvrage :

The poems of Taliesin

edited and annotated by Sir Ifor WILLIAMS.

The Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. 1975.

-------------------

Y figurent effectivement 12 poèmes, précédés d'une longue introduction (je scannerai la partie relative au poète lui-même), et suivis d'une foule de notes et d'un vocabulaire.

12x18; 175 pages; écrites en petits caractères.

Pour les longues soirées d'hiver.

JCE

[Taliesin]

Etant donné mes lacunes en langage perfide, ma bibliothèque est effectivement assez pauvre pour l'instant en ouvrages rédigés dans cette langue barbare. Mais, ça devrait changer, bien obligé que je suis d'en passer par là de tout façon.

[Marc'heg an Avel]

OK,

The page will be at the address :

http://marikavel.org/personnes/taliesin/taliesin-accueil.htm

Page under construction

JCE

[Agraes]

Comme d'habitude, ce que je trouve sur earlybritishkingdoms
http://www.earlybritishkingdoms.com/bios/urienrd.html

Urien, fils de Cynfarch était donc le roi du North Rheged à l'origine, mais il n'est pas impossible qu'il est considérablement étendu sa sphère d'influence de l'Alcluyd au Gwent. Il s'étendit probablement vers le nord après la bataille d'Arderydd, s'emparant du territoire de Gwenddoleu (bien que n'ayant pas participé à la bataille), le Solway. Il reprit peut être le contrôle du Rheged du Sud, après que la dynastie de Llywarch en est été chassé.

Après la chute de l'Ebrauc contre les Angles de Deira, il fut celui qui prit conscience du péril représenté par les envahisseurs et de la nécessité de s'unir. Il prit la tête d'une alliance rassemblant la plupart des royaumes du Nord, peut être en tant que Haut-Roi, avec ses alliés Rydderch d'Alcluyd, Gwallawg d'Elmet, Morcant Bulc de Bryneich mais aussi Fiachna d'Ulaid, il guerroya contre les Angles de Deira et de Bernicie, prenant le contrôle de Cathraeth, et remportant une grande bataille à Argoed Llwyfein, où son fils Owein aurait tué le roi Theodoric de Bernicie.
A tel point que les Angles furent acculés dans leur citadelle d'Ynis Metcaut (Lindisfarne). C'est là qu'Urien fut assassiné sur l'ordre de Morcant Bulc, probablement jaloux, ce qui aboutit à la dissolution de l'alliance bretonne, et à une violente contre-offensive des Angles qui reprirent leur contrôle sur la côte est. Ironie du sort, c'est probablement Morcant qui en patit le plus, son royaume (la Bernicie, ou Bryneich) ou ce qu'il en restait ne fit pas long feu.

Owein et ses frères durent faire fâce aux apétits envahissant de leurs anciens alliés, attaqués de toutes parts par Gwallawc d'Elmet, Dunaut des Penines ou Morcant. Owein fut tué et ses frères, comme Rhun et Pasgen partirent en exil.
Rhun devint moine et est attesté par Nennius comme l'un de ses principales sources.

On ne refait pas l'histoire, mais qui sait ce qui serait advenu si Urien n'avait pas été assassiné, et si Ynis Metcaut était tombée ? Peut être pas de Northumbrie, la face du monde en aurait put être changée.

[Taliesin]

je remarque que les Bretons savaient déjà très bien s'entendre entre eux.

[Muskull]

Pas particulier aux bretons, c'était à la mode alors se se foutre sur la gueule pour un oui ou un non.
Après on va dire qu'il n'y a pas de progrès, maintenant c'est quasi seulement les "élus" qui le font.

[Professeur Cornelius]

Livre de Taliesin :
http://www.geocities.com/branwaedd/lyfyrtaliesin.html
C'est pas 12, mais 57 poèmes qu'on trouve là.

Vous trouverez également ici : http://www.geocities.com/branwaedd/aindex.html Le Livre d'Aneurin, poète à la cour d'Urien, avec 6 poèmes dont le célèbre Gododdin.

Dans le Livre Noir de Carmarthen, http://www.geocities.com/branwaedd/bbcindex.html on a 39 poèmes d'auteurs divers, dont le Dialogue de Myrddin et Taliesin.

Le Livre Rouge de Hergest : http://www.geocities.com/branwaedd/hindex.html recèle de nombreux textes, dont les Quatre Branches des Mabinogion, divers poèmes attribués à Llywarch Hen, les Triades galloises, etc...

Extraits :

Trois Grandes Reines d'Arthur :
Gwennhwyfar fille de Cywryd Gwent, et Gwenhwyfar fille de Gwythyr fils de Greidiawl, et Gwenhwyfar fille de Gogfran le Géant.

Trois Grands Enchantements de l'ÃŽle de Bretagne :
L'Enchantement de Math, fils de Mathonwy qu'il enseigna à Gwydion, fils de Dôn, et l'Enchantement d'Uthyr Pendragon qu'il enseigna à Menw, fils de Teirgwaedd, et l'Enchantement de Rudlwm le Nain qu'il enseigna à Coll, fils de Collfrewy, son neveu.

Un lien qui peut également intéresser Marc'heg an Avel : "La descendance des hommes du Nord" : http://www.geocities.com/branwaedd/bonedd.html

[Marc'heg an Avel]

Salut,

Merci pour tous les liens.

Pour étude étymologique, réactiver mon premier lien.

Heureux d'y trouver Ewen Caesarius.

On ne choisit pas sa famille !

Ave

Johannes Claudius Eugenius Britannicus aremoricus Tregorinensis.

[Taliesin]

Hello everybody !

extrait de la descendance des Hommes du Nord, sur le site "la maison des bardes"

"Trychan cledyf Kynuerchyn a thrychan ysgwyt Kyrtnwdyon a thrycha wayw Coeling; pa neges bynhac yd elynt iddi yn duun, nyt amethei hon honno"

note du créateur du site :

"I don't know enough Welsh to translate this passage at this time; I will edit it at a later date."

ben, faut lire Rachel Bromwich (Trioedd Ynys Prydein, p. 238) :

"The three hundred swords of the tribe of Cynfarch, and the three hundred shields of the tribe of Cynnwyd, and the three hundred spears of the tribe of Coel : on whatever expedition they might go in unison, they would never fail."

Les trois cent épées de la tribu de Cynfarch, et les trois cent boucliers de la tribu de Cynnwyd, et les trois cent lances de la tribu de Coel : quelque soit l'expédition où ils pouvaient aller ensemble, ils n'échouaient jamais.

traduction française : Taliesin et Harrap's compact

[Marc'heg an Avel]

Mais où donc est le royaume d'Urien Rheged ?

Extrait de Ifor WILLIAMS, op. cit :

(voir aussi mon lien initial. texte en cours de traitement et de corrections) :

----------------------

v. The Land of Urien
The eight poems addressed to Urien which are found together (apart from the interpolation of a poem to Gwallawg between the seventh and the eighth) in the Book of Taliesin, had, I believe, been copied as a collection of songs in a considerably otder manuscript by a previous scribe. Of these eight poema five were translated and annotated by Sir John Morris-Jones in Y C,ymmrodor z8 ( i q i in his review of Dr. J. Gwenogvryn Evans's Poems from the Book of Taliesin, edited, amended and translated (iqi5). It goes without saying that Morris-Jones's translations are greatly superior to those of the Revd. Robert Williams in Skene's The Four Ancient Books of Wales, ü, but, not unnaturally, they need to be corrected in the light of the tremendous progress made by Welsh scholarship in the last forty years. Unfortunately, it is my lot to correct some of Morris-Jonea's errors. No doubt other scholars will have to correct my miatakes, but this does not lessen my feeling of distaste in having to disagree so often with my old master and teacher. °
The Urien poems tranalated by Sir John are those numbered II, III, IV, VI, and IX in the present edition. He also tranalated Marumad Osaain, numbered X, and Marwnad Cunedda which he transformed into an elegy on Rhun ap Maelgwn but which I have had to reject altogether as unauthentic.
B.M. Harl. 3859, (EWGT io) gives Urien's genealogy; [U]rbgen map Cinmarc map Merchianum map Gurguat [map Ceneu] map Coilhen, i.e. Urien mab Cynfarch m. Meirchiawn m. Gwrwst [m. Cenau] m. Coel, Hen. The manuscript has been dated c. iioo; its exemplar ia believed to have been written in the court of Hywel Dda c. q5o or soon afterwarda.
The Brittonic form of Urien's name must have been •(SrrLogenos. The Brittonic composition vowel was generally lost in Welsh, but there are examples where it has been retained. The form Urbgen shows loss of the composition vowel; Urbgen later gave *Urfien, and, with the loss of -f-, Urien. Urbagen (Nicholson, ZCP iii. 104, for Mommsen's Urbacen in the Chartres Historia Brittonum, p. IIq) and Urbeghen (Mommsen, p. 207) show retention of the composition vowel in the form -a-, -e-. * Urbogen gave Urfoen (Uruoen); see note on II. 32 and, more fully, B 7. 388.
The first instance of his name in the poems as edited here occurs in II. i-3,
Arwyre gwyr katraeth gan dyd.
am wledic gweithuudic gwarthegyd, Vryen hwn anwawt eineuyd.
`The men of Catraeth rise up with (the) day (dawn) round a chiefxain battle-victorious, cattle-reaving. This is Urien, renowned leader.' Catterick in Yorkshire preserves the same place-name as that which is represented by the Welsh form Catraeth, but the citadel or fort which bore the original name is best sited on the hill where Richmond Castle now stands, i.e. above the cataract on the River Swale which gave the name. Urien is thus called `gwledig' and `eineuyd' (read hynefydd) of the men of Catraeth. Still more explicit is the reference to him as `ruler of Catraeth' in VIII. 3,
Gweleis i lyw katraeth tra maeu.
`I saw the ruler of Catraeth across the plains'. `Tra maeu', `beyond the plains' would be a fitting description of Catraeth from the standpoint of someone situated to the south of the place, and this may be taken as suggesting that the bard was, at the time of composing the poem, in the region of Elmet in the vicinity of the present day Leeds. The `tra maeu' would also give some support to the view that Catraeth refers to the site of Richmond rather than to the site of Catterick; `beyond the plains' would be an apposite description of CatraethRichmond.
Besides Catraeth, Urien had in his possession and under his 
sway Rheged. He is called Glyw Reget in II. 27, Uryen Reget in III. 13, and Reget difj`reidyat in III. i¢. The bard refers to himself as being `can rychedwys' `with the men of Rheged' (read Recetuis, Rhegedwys) in IV. r, but VII. i-2,
Ardwyre reget ryssed rieu. neu ti rygosteis kyn bwyf teu. suggests that he himself was not originally a native of Rheged rysedd rieu, `Rheged the glory (pride) of kings'.
The chieftain of Rheged is also described as Uryen yr echwyd (? Yrechwydd, Erechwydd) in III, i, as Uryen ud yr echwyd in VI. 13 and as vd yr echwyd in III. i8-iq.
Tan yn tei kyn dyd rac vd yr echwyd
Yr echwyd teccaf ae dynyon haelhaf.
Urien was associated with Aeron. We are told that he is yn edyd (= yn feddydd?) yn Aeron in VII. 12, and that he is diffreidawc yn Aeron in VIII. zz.
Finally, when Fflamddwyn comes with four armies to attack Urien, we are told that Godeu (Goddau?) and Reget (?and Dyuwy) from Argoet to Arvynyd mustered under Urien and his son Owain to meet him (VI. ¢-5) and that they won the battle of Argoet Llwyfein, Le. Gweith Argoet Llwyfein.Unfortunately it is difficult to decide the location of the districts denoted by these names, and much more difficult to define their precise boundaries.
Rheged. Sir John Morris-Jones, T 6¢-65, summarizes the various attempts that have been made to locate Rheged thus: Lewis Moms says that `Rheged is supposed to be Cumbria, now Cumberland' (Stephens, Lit. Kym., p. 267). Sir Francis Palgrave placed Rheged in the south of Scotland about Dumfriesshire, see the map opp. p. 30 in his History of England, i. 1831. The Rev. T. Price (Carnhuanawc) in his Hanes Cymru, 1842, p. 278, identified it with the modern Cumberland. Stephens, in his Literature of the Kymry, 1849, P• 53, ob.lects that it was within a night's ride of Maelienydd (misunderstanding a poem of Hywel ab Owein Gwynedd, noticed below), and places it between the Tawy and the Towy (Gower, Kidwelly, etc.) on the authority of the Iolo MSS., which of course is worthless. In 1852 Stephens identified it with Lancashire (The Gododin, p. 371) and in 1853 extended it to the river Swale (ib., p. 238). Nash, in his Taliesin, 1858, p. go, correcting Palgrave, puts Rheged in Cumberland. Skene, F.A.B., 1868, i, p. 59, accepts the identification of the Welsh version of Geoffrey [i.e. Rheged = Geoffrey's Mureif in the neighbourhood of Loch Lomond]. Rhys, in his Arthurian Legend, 1891, p. 238, refers to this identification, but treats Rheged as mythical: `the Welsh translator who identified Rheged with Mureif confounded it thereby with the province of Moray,' p. 240; and he thinks that `it may possibly be regarded as somewhat less mythical that Urien should be styled Ruler of Catraeth,' ibid. Professor Oman, in his England before the Norman Conquest, iqio, p. 239, dealing with the northern British kingdoms in the sixth century, speaks of the `main principality' as `comprising Clydesdale as its central nucleus, but with its capital at Alclyde, north of the Firth, on the rock of Dumbarton. ... South of it was another state, called Reged, which seems to represent the modern Cumberland with so much of Northumberland as had not yet been conquered by the Angles. Possibly the name Redesdale preserves a memory of this forgotten realm.Sir John discusses the implications of Hywel ab Owein Gwynedd's lines in his Gorhoffedd:

arglwyt nef a llawr gwawr gwyndodyt
mor bell o geri gaer lliwelyt
Esgynneis ar uelyn o uaelyenyt.
hyd ynhir reged rwg nos ymy a dyt.
(H. 316)

and concludes that Hywel regarded Carlisle (Caer Liwelydd) as being in Rheged, but adds that Urien's kingdom may have extended northwards as far as the Southern Wall or even the Cheviot Hills.Welsh tradition in the twelfth century obviously regarded - Cumberland, and more precisely, north Cumberland, as tir Rheged. Urien's appellation Llyw Catraeth certainly proves that his kingdom extended to the east across the mountains to the plains beyond, but I am far from convinced that this part was or could properly be called Rheged. It should be remembered that there was a Roman road running from Catraeth to Caer Liwelydd and, as an experienced cattlereaver, Urien would have seen at a very early stage in his,career the advantages of holding the fort on the rock of Richmond.
It should be remembered that there is a place called Dunragit near Stranraer in Wigtownshire, in the south-west of Scotlapd; see Hogan, Onomasticon Goidelicum (iqio), p. 388, s.v. Dûn Reichet, and Watson, Celtic Place Names of Scotland (iq26), p. 156,
`the site of the old fort is on a rounded eminence called the Mote of Dunragit. The inference is that Wigtownshire was in Rheged, and if Wigtown, then also the rest of Galloway and Dumfriesshire.' [p. 168] `Oengus records in his Félire at 24th November Colman . . . who is stated in the notes to have been "in the Rinns, i.e. from Dûn Reichet ... and from other places." One is naturally inclined to place this Colman in the Rinns of Galloway and to equate Dûn Reichet with Dunragit-an equation which is unobjectionable phonetically. There was, however, a district in Roscommon called the Rions, and there appears to have been a plain in Connacht called Mag Rechet. Thus Dûn Reichet may have been in the Rinns of Roscommon. He was a younger contemporary of Comgall of Bangor who died in 602.'
Watson's earliest example of Dunragit dates from 1535 in the form Dunregate. It is obvious that he takes Dunragit as the dun of Rheged and seems to incline to the view that Dûn Reichet was the place in Roscommon where Colman was.
If, then, there are examples of Reichet in Ireland, should the fact be taken as proof that a tribe of that name had settled there after emigrating from Britain, or, conversely, that Ireland was the original home of the tribe of which some had elected to remain at home, and others had emigrated to Britain ? Cf. Lleyn, which, as Rhys was the first to point out, is from the nom. pl. *Lageni (Irish Laigin), `Leinstermen', and may be derived from the name of a colony of Irish from Leinster. Watson, discussing Rheged, op. cit. i56, follows Sir John in taking echwydd to mean `a flow of water, a tidal current, a cataract,' and writes; `It seems fairly certain that in this case the echwydd [i.e. the echwydd associated with Urien] is the Solway, which is noted for the violence of its tides.' As the Solway Firth is of salt water and as echwydd, to my mind, means `fresh water', I cannot accept this, but I believe, however, that the Solway does shed light on another phrase in BT 78. 15, tra merin reget, which should be considered in any attempt to locate Rheged. Tra, as we have already seen, means `beyond'; merin is `sea', (DG xv.iq merinwyr `mariners', cf. BT 35. ao mordwyeit merin), CA 358 merin Iodeo `The Firth of Forth' (there was a fort called ludeu on Inchkeith in the Firth; see further CA 218, 257), MA 258 b 49 llauar merinnyeu `noisy are the waves' (or the seas); and in CA 24. 6oz tra merin llestyr `foreign vessel', ibid. tra merin llu `foreign host', tra merin is `transmarine' and so we may take tra merin reget to mean `beyond the sea of Rheged', or, in other words, `beyond the Solway Firth', and this proves that Carlisle was definitely in the land of Rheged and that the northern shore of the Solway may also have been included in it.
How far south the territory of Rheged extended, it is difficult to say. Does Rochdale contain its name? Chadwick was of the opinion that it did.I According to Ekwall, the river Roch was called Rached or Rachet in the thirteenth century. In the Domesday Book io86, Rochdale is called Recedham, and there is an OE word reced `hall, house'. `But it is possible,' writes Ekwall, `that Rached- is a Brit. name consisting of OW rac "against" and coet "wood". It would then be a name of the district or possibly a river name ("district or river opposite to the forest").'z
But, pace Ekwall, the Welsh name for a place opposite a wood is Argoed, not Rac-coed. The derivation from reced `a hall, a house' seems more acceptable, though, from a Welshman's point of view, a derivation from Rheged would be still better. If Rochdale is rather far from Carlisle, it is not much more than twenty miles, as the crow flies, from Darwen, older Derezvente, which preserves the old Welsh name Derwennydd. Thus it is not impossible that Rochdale, too, preserves a form of Rheged, but it must be admitted that this is doubtful on the evidepce at present available.
Erechwydd, Yrechwydd. See T 68-70, CL1H 117, AP 62-65. According to T 68, `Echwydd means a "waterfall", as in

Wylhawt eil echwyb yn torroeb mynyb, 75. 1"
Will weep like a cataract on the breasts of a mountain".

It seems therefore that yr Echwydd is the Welsh counterpart of the Latin Catarracta. Thus Udd yr Echwydd "Lord of yr Echwydd" is parallel to Llyw Catraeth "Princeps Catarractae". The scribe of the Book of Taliesin evidently understands yr as the definite article: but the article could hardly occur in a name which is undoubtedly old.'
I take echwydd to mean `fresh'; cf. Cy. ix. 332 echwydd `croyw', MA 227 b 40 yn dufyr echuyt (John baptized Jesus) `in fresh water' (T 68 `in flowing water'), Hengwrt MSS. ü: 24¢ (the Four Rivers of Paradise) ar pedeir auon hynny yssyd yn gwassanaethu dwfyr echwyd yr holl vyt (cf. H. Lewis, DB 55 Hallt uyd dwfyr y mor, melys ac yscawn vyd y dwfyr a hann, ffo o bedeir auon paradwys), B 5. 321 y pedair afon o baradwys / ag or rhai yma a henwyd / mae dwr kroiw yr holluyd, B$C 87. 13 ar hallt ar echuit (-t = -dd). I take Er-, yr- as affected form of ar- `in front of, opposite to' and echwydd as `fresh water'. At the time under discussion `river water' and `fresh water' were probably synonymous, and Erechwydd may denote land facing a river or even a lake. There are plenty of lakes in this district, indeed part of it is called `The Lake District', and plenty of fresh water rivers, especially in Yorkshire. In Cumberland and Westmorland the river which suggests itself is the Eden from Appleby to Penrith and Carlisle, and in Yorkshire we have the Swale, and the Ure flowing into the Ouse. Bearing in mind that Richmond is on the Swale, we may suggest that Erechwydd (Yrechwydd) was Swaledale and that Catraeth was its chief fort, but all this, needless to say, is speculation if not sheer guesswork.Goddeu. It is associated with Rheged in VI. 4godeu a reget y ymdullu, and VII. 44. godeu a reget yn ymdullyaw. Sec T 7a-7s where B.M. Vesp. A. xiv, f. ira, EWGT 16, (early thirteenth century) is quoted as naming one of the daughters of Brychan:
`Gurycon Godheu ... uxor Cathraut calchuynid', YCymmrodor xix, p. 26, i.e. Gwrygon Gobeu, wife of Cadraud Calchfynyb. Skene has identified Calchfynydd with Kelso, formerly Calchow, where there is "a calcareous eminence ... still called the Chalk Heugh", F.A.B. i, p. 173.... Whatever view be taken of the children of Brychan, we have in the memorandum quoted above a record of a tradition which connects Godheu with Calchfynydd; and if Skene is right in his identification of the latter, it implies that Gobeu extended down to the Scottish border. In the historical poems in the Book of Taliesin "Gobeu a Reget" occurs twice (60. ro, 62. 7) and seems to stand for the British regions of the North, as Deira and Bernicia stood for the Anglian.'
But Goddeu in the name of Cadrawd Calchfynydd's wife does not, to my mind, prove of necessity that she was from a region bordering on Rheged; she may have been, but it is equally likely that she was not. Under gobeu G lists several words with différent meanings. One goddeu means `purpose, intention'; it is found in BT and in later manuscripts. Kat Godeu occurs as the title of a poem in BT 23-27; in it we are told how trees, great and small, were changed into soldiers by means of magic power, so T's translation `the battle of the forest' seems justïfied, but the way in which BT 59. 11 = V. 6 Ae varch ydanaw yg godeu gweith mynaw, is explained to justify the statement `As a place-name Gobeu seems to mean the country between the two walls', T 73, is inadmissible. If goddeu can mean `forest' in Kat Godeu, then Goddau as a placename is a region so called after the wood or forest situated in it. So Watson, Celtic Place-Names, 343-4, `it appears to represent the district known later as the Forest, now Selkirkshire'. Cf. Argoed in VI. s o argoet hyt arvynyd. What of Coed Celyddon?
Tuhir, in VIII. 35 eryr tir tuhir tythremyn. Tuhir occurs again in CL1H 18. 47 a, Tawel awel, tu hirgliw, in a song to The Hearth of Rheged (Aelwyd Rheged) and the memory of Urien. With it cf. Langsett near Penistone near Barnsley: Ekwall gives the forms Langeside (izoo-i4), Longgesid (izo8) and the meaning `long slope'. As one of the meaningsof tuwas `side', the correspondence between Langsett and Tuhir seems especially close. For an example of an English place-name containing a translated element side by side with an untranslated one, cf. Penistone, " where stone seems to be a translation of llech (cf. Penllech) or maen (c£ Penmaen), on the river Don (Done), cf. the mother goddess Don (Dono, PKM 25z). This does not prove that Langsett is the same place as Tuhir in the text, any more than that it is Langside, a Glasgow suburb. In such a countryside as Cumberland there may have been, and there probably were, many places called Tuhir.
Llwyfenydd, IV. 21, VII. iq, VIII. 27: Lloyfenydd, IX.io. According to T 71, `Llwyfenydd and Llwyvein represent different accentuations of the same British stem *Leimanio-. In Yorkshire original m in British names remains in English, as in Elmet; and the Roman road running south from Catterick, in a line so straight as to be noticeable on the map, is called Leeming Lane. This may well be the Road of Llwyvein, which in 6th century Welsh would be *Lémein, with slightly softened m and a palatal n liable to become ng in Welsh itself, as in Eingion for Einion.' Cf. Fôrster, FT 647, where Leeming is derived from Brit. *Léminâ. But considerably more investigation into the derivation of Llwyfenydd is required. See VWIGS i. i5I-2 on t. el-. Llwyf `elm(s)' occurs in BT 24-z5 llwyf yr y varanhed. nyt oscoes troetued. ef lladei a pherued ac eithaf a diwed. The syntax suggests that llwyf is sinpular, cf. derw, BT 25. io Derw . . . racdaw crynei nef a llawr, but derw is pl. or coll., and its singular is derwen. Cf. D. Llwyf, Sing. Llwyfen; TW Vlmus, Prenn llwyf, llwyfen, llwyfanen. In IV. zi Llwyfenyd Van, the initial b in ban is mutated as if Llwyfenydd were a feminine singular noun. In IX. io Llwyfenyd tired. Ys meu eu reufed, eu refers to the pl. tired(d). One may, therefore, take Llwyfenydd to be the name of a region, cf. Meirionnydd, Eifionydd. Its location is uncertain, but there is much to be said for Hogg's suggestion that the name bas been preserved in the river name Lyvennet in Westmorland.i Ekwall gives the older forms Leveneth, Lyvened, Levennyd, but Fôrster, FT 682, it should be noted, postulates for Lyvennet a Brit. form *Lem-in-etâ, cf. Jackson, LHEB 488.
Eirch. In IV. 21 Eirch achlan `all Eirch' is linked, by Taliesin himself, with Llwyfenydd as the regions or countries which enjoyed the bard's songs to Urien. Does the name Arkendale (West Riding, Yorkshire) or, more probably, Ark the river which flows into the Swale, Catterick's river, preserve some form of the place-name Eirch ?
Dyuwy. See notes on VI. 5, Deuwy VIII. 34.
Aeron VII. 12, VIII. 22. Cf. CA 8. 196, io. 241, 32- 809, 33• 824, 39• 897• Commenting on the juxtaposition of Clud and Aeron in the line quoted infra, T 77 says `Clud is Strathclyde; what can Aeron be but Ayr, which lies between Strath-clyde and the sea-the outer Firth of Clyde?' Ayr is the name of a river and a county in the south-west of Scotland, about half way between Wigtown and Glasgow. Still further to the north is a little river in Renfrew, called Earn, a form which keeps the n in Aeron, as Watson, CPN 342-3, observes, adding that it is not so big or so important as to merit mention alongside Clud, the Clyde. However, I am uneasy about the line which Sir John uses to support his statement that Aeron, like Clud, is in the north. The passage from the Elegy by Cynddelw on Cadwallawn ap Madawg in which the line occurs is printed thus in H 131. 3-io apart from the italics:

Y myw mynw aches buches beirtyon.
ym buchet gwledic gwlad orchorton.
Gortyfnws udut but a berthon.
Gorwytawr tuthuawr tu hir gleisson.
Gwr eil uleit gwreit gwrhyd nwython.
Gwrawl gletyual gwryal gwvron.
Prif arglwyt brolwyt bro din eithon
Priodawr cloduawr clud ac aeron.

Sir John translates the last line `the renowned ruler of Clud and Aeron' and says that it refers to ` "Gwryal Gwron", to whom the dead man is compared.. . . The person meant is obviously the first named in the triad of the "kings who rose from serfs", namely, "Gwryat vab Gwryon yn y Gogled", R. B. Mab., p. 308, Y Cymmrodor, vii, p. r3z.' The reading in both texts, however, is `Gwryat vab gwryan', not `Gwryal Gwron'. I understand gwryal as a derivative of gwr- seen in ym-wr-iaw. D gives ymwr concertatio, impetus; ymwrio concertare, impugnare, and quotes DG `Tân a dwr yn ymwriaw/ Yw'r taranau dreigiau draw.' See also CA 81 on 2.47 eggwyawr, leg.-eg gwryawr. The reading yal in Cynddelw's line is confirmed by the internal rhyme with cletyual. The man whose death is lamented, Cadwallawn ap Madawg, was overlord of Din-eithon, and, according to Lloyd, HW i. z55, `The "swydd" of Dinieithon was the southern limb of Maelienydd and no doubt the "din" or fortress on the Ieithon from which it took its name was that of Cefn Llys.' In Cynddelw's lines it seems reasonable and natural to assume that `Priodawr cloduawr clud ac aeron' was the same man as `Prif arglwyt brolwyt bro din eithon'. (Cf. J. Lloyd-Jones, G iqq b.) That being so, the Clud which was the rightful property of the Lord of Dineithon was surely not in Scotland but somewhere in the vicinity of Radnorshire; his brother Einion, it should be noted, is called Einion Clud, (although in this case clud may be the common noun, as J. Lloyd-Jones, G 149 a, suggests). Nor was the Aeron which is mentioned with Clud very far from the same district. Time and again we find the same place-names in Wales as in parts of Scotland, and Aeron is a case in point: it is found in Wales, as we know, from Dyffryn Aeron, and the probability is that it was found here oftener in olden times than now. That Aeron was found as a place-name in the old North (South Scotland, North England), the references to it by Taliesin are ample proof.
It should also be remembered that Aire is found as the name of a river which rises in the Pennines and runs down through the West Riding plain past Leeds to join with the Ouse to form the Humber. If Aeron corresponds to Ayr, I see no reason why it should not correspond to Aire. However, the references in the Gododdin to Aeron, and the place of importance given to Cynddylig Aeron, would seem to favour the identification of Aeron with Ayr. But there again, Madog of Elfed (Elmet) near Leeds is also praised by Aneirin!I

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Bon week-end / bonn fin d'semain à tous.

Tachez d'pas prend la migrain' !

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Pierre : as tu dans tes outils un traducteur fiable qui ne soit pas un traduc-tueur ?

JC Even E-Mirador.

[Agraes]

Chez Nennius et dans les annales de Cambrie, on retrouve Rhun fils d'Urien en tant qu'archévêque de York et baptisant Edwin de Northumbrie.